ABSTRACT
China's economic system has entered a new stage of high-quality development from a high-speed growth. As a strategic pillar industry in China, realizing high-quality transformation is an inevitable choice for the tourism industry to respond to the call of the country and enhance industrial competitiveness. However, the repeated shocks of the COVID-19 epidemic have had a wide-ranging impact on socio-economic development and cross-regional flows, and various foreseeable and unforeseen security risks also threaten the normal operation of the tourism system. How to face the uncertainty of the development environment, how to adapt to changes in the external environment, and how to deal with the interference of risk factors and further release the vitality of the industry have become important issues that need to be resolved in the process of promoting high-quality development of the tourism industry.
ABSTRACT
Background: Stigma is a prominent issue among nurses working with patients with infectious diseases, but the unavailability of validated measures of such stigma. The aim of our study was to adapt, modify, and validate the COVID-19 Stigma Instrument-Nurse -Version 3 (CSI-N-3) with both classical test theory and item response theory (IRT) analysis.Methods: We administered the scale to 249 eligible nurses who worked in a COVID-19 designed hospital in Shanghai, China. Results: The two-factor structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The 15-item CSI-N-3 achieved Cronbach's α of 0.64 to 0.84. Convergent validity was also demonstrated. In IRT analysis, the CSI-N-3 has ordered response thresholds, with the appropriate item difficulty and infit and outfit mean squares. Self-reported social support was the only factor influencing nurses' COVID-19 stigma (standardized coefficients β=-0.21). Conclusions: The CSI-N-3 is an instrument with sound psychometric properties that can be used to measure COVID-19 stigma during the COVID-19 outbreak or afterward among nurses.